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TWENTY YEARS 



OF 



PRINCETON COLLEGE 



(J / 



TWENTY YEARS 



OF 



Princeton College 



FAREWELL ADDRESS 

DELIVERED JUNE 2oth, 1888 



JAMES McCOSH, D.D., LLD., Litt.D. 

President of Princeton College 



N 22 1888 7") 



NEW YORK 

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 

1888 



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Copyright, 1888, by 
CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 



TWENTY YEARS 



OF 



PRINCETON COLLEGE. 



Well do I remember the evening in the month 
of May, 1868, in which, on coming home from my 
work in Queen's College, Belfast, I found a despatch 
announcing that I had been elected President of 
Princeton College. The call was utterly unexpected 
on my part. I felt it to be my duty to consider it, 
and resisting the kind entreaties of Queen's College 
and of the public, I resolved to accept the invitation 
as presenting to me a wide field of usefulness, and 
I wrote : " I devote myself and my remaining life, 
under God, to old Princeton, and the religious and 
literary interests with which it is identified, and, I 
fancy, will leave my bones in your graveyard beside 
the great and good men who are buried there, 
hoping that my spirit may mount to communion 
with them in heaven." 

I spent that summer in inquiring what I should 
do in my new field. I was well acquainted with 
college education in Scotland, Ireland, and England ; 
I had visited the principal universities of Germany, 



6 Twenty Years of Princeton College, 

and in 1866 had travelled seven thousand miles in 
the United States, and visited some of the chief 
colleges and theological seminaries there. My busi- 
ness now was to determine what I should make of 
Princeton College, and I proceeded to draw out the 
methods which I meant to pursue and embodied 
them in an Inaugural Address ready for delivery. 

Well do I remember the day of my arrival in 
Princeton, of the welcome I received from trustees, 
from the faculty, and from the students, who gave 
me their tiger salute — of which I was not sure for a 
few moments whether it was a welcome or a rebuke. 
A few days after I got a hearty reception from the 
great public interested in Princeton College, as I 
delivered my Inaugural, October 27, 1868, and 
published it to the world. I hold it in my hand, 
and I am quite willing that any of you should com- 
pare what I then promised with what I have since 
performed — with many anxieties and many imper- 
fections. 

It may be pleasant — yet somewhat painful — and 
profitable to myself, if not to my audience, to cast 
our eyes over the eventful time, now nearly twenty 
years, which has passed since I entered on the office 
which I am this day to resign. The events are too 
close to me to admit of my surveying them on all 
sides. I am too intimatelv connected with them to 



Twenty Years of Princeton College, 7 

be able to speak of them without deep feeling, in 
which there may be not a little partiality. My 
hearers will understand that in speaking of the 
progress of the college I do not claim any exclusive 
merit. The credit is due first to God's providence 
which has favored us, and under this to trustees, to 
faculty, to students, to munificent benefactors, to 
innumerable friends who have prayed for us and 
practically helped us — they are so many that I am 
sorry to find that I have not space to name them all. 
All that I claim is that I have had the unspeakable 
privilege of being in all the work and in every part 
of it. 

I came at an opportune time. I owe any suc- 
cess I have had to this circumstance more than to 
any other. The war so disastrous and yet so glori- 
ous was over. Princeton College had suffered — not 
however, in honor — but she had numerous friends, 
and nobly did they gather round her, and they said, 
as it were to me, in language loud enough for me to 
hear, '*Do you advance and we will support you." 
In those days I was like the hound in the leash 
ready to start, and they encouraged me with their 
shouts as I sprang forth into the hunt. 

When called to this place I was a professor in 
the youngest of the universities set up by Great 
Britain ; I had helped somewhat to form it, and in 



8 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 

doing so had to study the European systems of 
college education. But I announced: '' I have no 
design, avowed or secret, to revolutionize your 
American colleges or reconstruct them after a 
European model." ** I have seen enough of the 
American colleges to become convinced that they 
are not rashly to be meddled with. They are the 
spontaneous growth of your position and intelli- 
gence ; they are associated with your history, and 
have become adjusted to your wants, and whatever 
improvements they admit of must be built on the 
old foundation." 

I became heir at once to a rich inheritance 
handed down by a long line of presidential ances- 
tors, in Dickinson, Biirr, Edwards, Davis, Finley, 
Witherspoon, Stanhope Smith, Ashbel Green, Car- 
nahan, and Maclean. It was my privilege to reap 
what others had sown ; I was awed, and yet encour- 
aged, by the circumstance that I had to follow such 
intellectual giants as Edwards and Witherspoon. 
My immediate predecessor was John Maclean, 
"the well beloved," who watched over the young 
men so carefully, and never rebuked a student 
without making him a friend. But I did not allow 
myself to fall into the weakness of trying to do over 
again what my predecessors had done and done so 
well. My aim has been to advance with the times 



Twenty Years of Princeton College, 9 

and to do a work in my day such as they did in 
theirs. 

My heart has all along been in my work, which 
I commenced immediately after my inauguration. 
I am now to give some account of that work under 
convenient heads. I may begin with the buildings, 
not because they are the most important, but 
because they strike the eye. 

THE BUILDINGS. 

Every alumnus of the college should come up 
once a year if he lives not far off, and once every 
three years if he resides at a distance, to pay his 
respects to his Alma Mater, who will be sure to give 
him a welcome. To all who have performed this 
filial duty she has shown every year for the last 
twenty years a new building, a new fellowship, or a 
new professorship. 

Those present at my inauguration heard the 
shout, sufficient to rend the heavens, when I 
declared that every college should have a gymna- 
sium for the body as well as for the mind. Mr. 
Robert Bonner and Mr. Henry G. Marquand 
answered the challenge on the part of the students, 
and as our first benefactors engaged to raise a 
gymnasium, which was opened January, 1870, and 



I 



lo Twenty Years of Prineetan College. 

t-r ~:5t i:::::: ''^-r:' z'-rr/r.^^^ 'n America ap- 



L^OIilLCV-i d^ 



I confess ::i^: 1 v;^ disappointed when I came 
here with the state of the bufldings. Some of the 
recitation roc its. especially those in the building 
now called the college offices, were temptations to 
disorder, of which the students took advantage. 
At times they would take out the stove, and when 
the class met in the morning they cried *• Cold," 
*'cold.^ and the professor had to dismiss diem; 
some : ::ht i-.srructors, however, keeping them in 
the whoic i^-y^. I remember one night when they 
took out the furniture of a room and made a bon- 
fire of it. In these circumstances we saw the need 
of having new recitation rooms of a higher order, 
and the stately structure of Dickinson Hall, com- 
menced in 1869, appeared completed in the campus 
in 1870. There the chief lectures and recitations 
in the academic department have been held ever 
since, and there firom day to day an intellectual 
gynmasium is kept up for the strengthening of the 
mind. Meanwhfle our students increased, and Re- 
union Hall, so called in honor of the reunion of the 
Old and New School branches of the Presbyterian 
Church, was begun in 1870, and finished in 1871. 
The library and its contents were unworthy of the 
college — ^the number of volumes was under 30,000 



Twenty Years of Princeton College. 1 1 

— and a new library building, I believe the most 
beautiful in the country, was finished in 1873, and 
the number of volumes is now toward 70,000. 

All this time Mr. John C. Green was our great- 
est benefactor, and his brother, Chancellor Green, 
was always working with him. In 1873 Mr. J. C. 
Green started the School of Science, the most 
important addition which has been made to the 
college in my day. Since his decease in 1875, his 
wishes have been carried out most honorably and 
generously by his trustees ; the sum contributed by 
his estate to the good of the college must be 
upward of a million and a half. Of them, we in 
Princeton may say, in the language applied to Sir 
Christopher Wren, *' si monumentum requiris cir- 
cumspice." 

These were the days of our prosperity, which 
was powerfully promoted by the wise counsels and 
the constant energies of the Hon. John A. Stewart 
and Mr. Henry M. Alexander, without whom I 
never could have done what I have been enabled 
to do. 

In 1875 we were all touched by the gift of 
#15,000, left us by a very promising young man, 
Mr. Hamilton Murray, who perished at sea in the 
Ville de Havre. That sum was devoted by his 
brother to the erection of the hall which bears his 



1 2 Twenty Years of Princeton College, 

name, and which has become the College Oratory 
in which prayer is wont to be made by the students, 
and of which it may be said, *'of this man and that 
man that he was born there." 

In the same year our visiting alumni would see 
in Old North College the beautiful E. M. Museum, 
constructed by Mr. Wm. Libbey, and arranged so 
tastefully with geological specimens by Professor 
Guyot. To the same gentleman, Mr. Libbey, we 
owe University Hall, erected at an expense of 
nearly $200,000, first used as an hotel for the 
friends of the college, and now as a dormitory 
for our students. 

Our numbers were increasing, and in 1876 
Witherspoon Hall was built, with its elegant rooms 
and grand prospect, where the students have not 
only every comfort, but every means of refining 
their tastes. 

At this point, 1878, I have to speak with grati- 
tude of the orift bestowed on the colleg^e and on me, 
by my friend the late Alexander Stuart, of the 
President's house with the lovely accompanying 
grounds, forming the finest residence occupied by 
the president of any college in the world, and where 
I have spent in comfort and elegance nine years of 
my life. 

In 1878-79 a telescope, provided by a few 



Twenty Years of Princeton College, 13 

friends, was placed In the observatory, which had 
been built in 1868 by General Halstead, and by it 
observations have been made which let us know 
something of the sun and planets. In the same year 
houses were built for Prof. Young and Prof. Brack- 
ett, and Edwards' Hall was erected to give students 
rooms at a lower rate. 

In 1881-82 Mr. Henry G. Marquand erected 
the College Chapel, the most beautiful in America, 
and there the members of the college will worship 
on Sabbath and on week days for ages to come, 
and draw down blessings on the college and its stu- 
dents in all future time. 

And now you see that Biological Museum 
nearly completed, the noble gift of the Class of 
1877, and where experiments will continually be 
made, by a number of our younger professors, to 
throw light on the mysteries of life. 

As the Marquand family had done so much for 
Art — Mr. Frederick Marquand's trustees having 
given 160,000 for the endowment of a chair — I was 
determined that there should be an Art Museum 
for carrying out their intentions ; and departing from 
my usual practice, I went round to receive subscrip- 
tions, and raised $42,000, given in the most gener- 
ous manner by about a dozen contributors. That 
museum is in the course of erection, and will be 



14 Twenty Years of Princeton College, 

ready early next year to receive the fine collection 
of pottery and porcelain promised by Dr. W. C. 
Prime. 

THE GROUNDS. 

I remember the first view which I got of the 
pleasant height on which the college stands, the 
highest ground between the two great cities of the 
Union, looking down on a rich country, covered 
with wheat and corn, with apples and peaches, 
resembling the south of England as much as one 
country can be like another. Now we see that 
height covered with buildings, not inferior to those 
of any other college in America. I have had great 
pleasure in my hours of relaxation in laying out — 
always assisted by the late Rev. W. Harris, the 
treasurer of the college — the grounds and walks, 
and locating the buildings. I have laid them out 
somewhat on the model of the demesnes of English 
noblemen. I have always been healthiest when so 
employed. I remember the days, sunshine or 
cloudy, in April and November, on which I cut 
down dozens of deformed trees and shrubs, and 
planted hundreds of new ones which will live when 
I am dead. I do not believe that I will be allowed 
to come back from the other world to this ; but if 
this were permitted, I might be allured to visit 



Twenty Years of Princeton College, 1 5 

these scenes so dear to me, and to see the tribes on 
a morning go up to the house of God in companies. 

COURSE OF STUDY. 

I never looked on these buildings as constituting 
our chief work. I remember that some critics found 
fault with me for laying out too much money on 
stone and lime. But I proceeded on system, and 
knew what I was doing. I viewed the edifices as 
means to an end, at best as outward expressions 
and symbols of an internal life. 

I said to myself and I said to others. We have a 
fine old college here, with many friends ; why should 
we not make it equal to any college in America, and 
in the end to any in Europe ? The friends of the 
Princeton saw I was in earnest, and nobly did they 
encourage me. I shall never forget the substantial 
kindness I received at that time. I could not walk 
up Broadway without some one coming up to me 
and saying, Do not you want so and so ? I will 
help you to get it. As he met me, Mr. John C. 
Green took me into a corner and told me that he 
meant to offer to erect a certain building, adding that 
** if I die before this is done, I have drawn out pa- 
pers to secure its execution." 

I had to consider at the beginning what would be 
the course of study in the college. I resolved, on the 



1 6 Twenty Years of Princeton College, 

one hand, to keep all that was good in the old 
studies which had trained our fathers. But, on the 
other hand, I saw there were new branches entitled 
to be placed alongside the old. The problem with 
me was to make a judicious combination of the 
two. In the winter after I entered upon my duties, 
a joint committee of the trustees and of the Faculty- 
held a number of meetings, which ended in our 
drawing out a scheme which, with important modifi- 
cations and improvements, has been continued to this 
day. The increase in the number of our students 
and of the branches taught will now require some 
new modifications, but I hope they will run in the 
same line. 

ELECTIVE STUDIES. 

Hitherto all the students had been required to 
take the same course of study, being the good old 
solid one handed down from our fathers. But this 
was felt to be irksome by many who were weary of 
studying Mathematics, Latin and Greek all the four 
years of their course while there were new and at- 
tractive branches of literature and science from which 
they were excluded. The principle on which we 
acted was that an endeavor should be made to intro- 
duce into the college every department of true 
scholarship and knowledge, taking care to leave out 



Twenty Years of Princeton College. 1 7 

all that was fictitious and pretentious. But as we 
projected new branches we discovered that they were 
so numerous that we could not impose them all with- 
out burdening the minds of the students on the one 
hand, or on the other making them '* Jacks of all 
trades and masters of none." Every one sees that the 
day of universal scholars, such as Aristotle, Scaliger, 
and Leibnitz, has gone by and can never return. Not 
only have the physical sciences been multiplying, but 
all departments of philology, of historical, social, and 
philosophic study. Hence the necessity of allowing 
electives in the curriculum of study. 

But we need to lay restraints on electives. Surely 
we are not to allow candidates for A. B. and A. 
M. to choose what studies they please. These two 
degrees have hitherto had a meaning, and it should 
be kept, so that those who have gained it may be 
recoofnized as scholars. An indiscriminate choice 
holds out a temptation, which many are not able to 
resist, to take the easiest subjects — say narrative 
history — or those taught by easy-going or popular 
teachers who may or may not exact systematic study. 
I hold that there are branches which are necessary 
to the full development of the mind, which every 
educated man ought to know. No one I think 
should be a graduate of a college who does not 
know mathematics and classics, the one to solidify 



1 8 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 

the reasoning powers and the other to refine the 
taste. 

On a memorable occasion I defended Greek as 
an obligatory study in our colleges. Greek and 
Latin have been in fact the main instrument in trans- 
mitting to us a knowlege of the ancient world. 
Greek is the most perfect language, and contains the 
highest literature, of antiquity. The learned profes- 
sions generally, but particularly the churches, have 
a special interest in retaining this tongue. Suppose 
it not to be required in our colleges, it would soon 
come not to be required in our schools, and so a large 
body of our students would be ignorant of it. Now 
suppose a student to have his heart touched by a 
divine power about the time when young men com- 
monly choose their profession in life. He feels 
himself called on to devote himself to the work of the 
ministry of the Word. But in order co this he has to 
learn the language of the New Testament, beginning 
with its letters. Here an obstacle is presented 
which will effectively prevent many from going to 
the work to which they are called. It is certain that 
a college which does not require Greek will not pre- 
pare many to go forth as ministers or missionaries. 
This would be a great evil not only to the churches, 
but to the community generally. The devout young 
men who are studying for the ministry have a re- 
straining and elevating influence in a college. 



Twenty Years of Princeton College. 19 

In Princeton there are certain branches which are 
required of all in the Academic Apartment : Latin 
and Greek ; English ; Oratory ; Essay Writing ; 
French and German ; Physics ; Astronomy ; Geol- 
ogy ; Psychology ; Logic and Ethics ; Relation 
of Science and Religion. Again, we have a 
fixed course for every year. In the Freshman and 
Sophomore years there is little or no variation al- 
lowed. But when a student has learned the rudi- 
mentary branches and enters the Junior class, we 
believe that he may be allowed, in addition to the 
required studies, a choice, both in Junior and Senior 
years, among a large number of the new subjects in- 
troduced into the colleges — additions being made to 
them every year. I reckon that usually in these two 
upper classes about one-half a student's time is given 
to the required and the other half to the elective 
studies. In choosing he may take the old branches 
or he may take the new ones. The advantage of all 
this is that the student may consult and gratify his 
tastes — we find that an intense interest is taken by 
certain students in the new studies — or the student 
may elect the branch or branches fitted to prepare 
him for his intended profession in life. One mean- 
ing to be a minister will probably elect some branch 
of philosophy ; the intending doctor will probably 
take botany and zoology ; and the lawyer history or 
social sciences. 



20 Twenty Years of Princeton College, 

In both the required and in the elective courses 
a college should seek to instruct students carefully 
in the fundamental principles of the branch which 
they are studying. There is a loud demand in the 
present day for college education being made what 
they call *' practical." I believe that this is a mis- 
take. A well-known shipbuilder once said to me, 
*' Do not try to teach my art in school ; see that you 
make the youth intelligent, and then I will easily teach 
him shipbuilding." The business of a college is to 
teach scientific principles capable of all sorts of prac- 
tical application. The youth thus trained will start 
life in far better circumstances than those who have 
learned only the details of their craft, which are best 
learned in offices, stores and factories, and will com- 
monly far outstrip them in the rivalries of life. He 
will be able to advance when others are obliged to 
stop ; he will be ready to take advantage of oppor- 
tunities which are lost to them, and will commonly 
advance the business in which he is engaged. ^ 

FELLLOWSHIPS AND PRIZES. 

I have often been asked, How do the American 
colleges stand in comparison with the European ones.-^ 
I believe I can answer that question. The scholar- 
ship of the great body of the students is as high in 
America as in Europe. But they rear in Great 



Twenty Years of Princeton College. 2 1 

Britain and in Germany a body of ripe scholars to 
whom we have nothing equal in the New World. 
This led me to propose that we should institute Fel- 
lowships in Princeton College. At an early stage 
there were friends who established Fellowships in 
Mental Science, in Classics (lapsed), in Mathematics, 
and Experimental Science, and at a later date in 
Biology, each providing $600 a year to the student 
who stood highest in a competitive examination. 
Latterly some of our younger alumni have been 
adding University Fellowships, one in Social Sci- 
ence, one in Biological Science, one in English, and 
probably one in Philosophy, each yielding I400 or 
$5oo a year, and open to the graduates not only of 
Princeton, but every other authorized college. These 
Fellowships have given a powerful stimulus to study, 
and enabled us to produce scholarship of a high 
order. 

This may be the proper place to refer to the 
prizes received during my presidency : The Lynde 
Prize for Power of Debating ; the Alexander Guthrie 
McCosh Prize for Philosophic Essay ; the Baird 
Prizes for Oratory ; the 1876 Class Prize for a de- 
bate on Politics; Class 1883 Atwater Prize in 
Political Economy ; the White Prize in Archi- 
tecture. 



I 



2 2 Twenty Years of Princeton College, 

PROFESSORS. 

When I became President, the number giving 
instruction was ten professors, four tutors, two teach- 
ers, in all sixteen, beside three extraordinary lectur- 
ers. Some of the younger classes were taught 
solely by tutors. I think it of importance to have a 
succession of young men teaching in a college to 
give fresh life to it, and out of whom to draw pro- 
fessors. But I believed that every class should have 
at least one man of experience giving it instruction, 
and it was arranged that all freshmen should be 
under one or more professors. The professors then 
were chiefly men of mature life, of high ability 
and character. In adding new branches we had to 
get new professors. It was my duty to call the 
attention of the trustees to suitable persons for the 
new or for the vacant offices. In doing so I looked 
out for scholarly men, wherever I could hear of 
them. If I found that they were not available or 
not likely to promote the moral and religious wel- 
fare of the students, I thought no more of them ; 
and I continued to inquire till I was able to recom- 
mend one whose influence would be altogether for 
good. In pursuing this course we have taken sev- 
eral able men from other colleges. 

But I have often had great difficulty in getting 



Twenty Years of Princeton College, 23 

a full endowment for a professor's chair — more dif- 
ficulty than in getting a building. So we set ourselves 
earnestly to the work of rearing professors. We 
kept our eye upon our promising graduates, and 
appointed them tutors or instructors, with a small 
salary, and then raised them to the position of assist- 
ant professors, or full professors. Thus the Board 
of Trustees has chosen two professors from the class 
of 1874 and seven from the class of 1877. So we 
have been adding new professors from year to year. 
The number of professors is now thirty-five, with 
three tutors and several assistants and lecturers— in 
all upwards of forty. We have three professors of 
Mental Philosophy, two of Greek, two of Latin, three 
of Mathematics, three of English including Oratory, 
two of History and Political Science, three of Mod- 
ern Languages, two of Physics, two of Astronomy, 
two of Chemistry, three of the Natural Sciences, 
including Botany, Zoology and Geology, three of 
Engineering, and two of Art. We have professors 
who teach the Harmony of Science and Religion, 
who teach Anglo-Saxon, who teach Oratory, who 
teach Pedagogic, who teach Sanscrit, who teach 
Physiological Psychology, who teach Physical Geog- 
raphy, who teach Anatomy and Physiology. Every 
student is required every year to write a number of 
essays. I am not sure that there is any college in 



1 



24 Twenty Year's of Princeton College. 

America which has so well an arranged system of 
essay writing. Princeton College has always paid 
attention to public speaking and we have kept this 
up, by requiring every student, unless incapacitated 
by physical weakness, to speak before a public audi- 
ence. The strength of our college lies in its staff 
of professors. I am proud of those whom I have 
recommended to the trustees. We give instruction 
in a greater number of branches than are usually 
taught in the universities of England, Scotland, and 
Ireland, and in nearly all the branches taught in 
Germany. 

I have pleasure in stating that the Faculty has all 
along stood in the most pleasant relationship towards 
me. I regard all the members as personal friends. 
I am bound to say that they watch over the interests 
of the college with great faithfulness. 

APPARATUS AND COLLECTIONS. 

Along with the increase of professors, our friends 
have purchased for us a large increase of scientific 
apparatus. In several departments almost e very- 
new instrument of value has been provided. When 
I came here, the natural science collection, saving 
only what was done in physical geograph)- by Dr. 
Guyot, was particularly defective, fit only to be 
burned. Now we have most valuable collections in 



Twenty Years of Princeton College. 25 

botany and geology. For several years we have 
been enabled to send companies of students to make 
summer explorations in the West. Lying on the 
ground at night, they were employed all day in col- 
lecting plants and fossils, some of which are very 
rare and of great value. These have been placed 
in our museum, which is visited in consequence by 
many scientists. 

CONTRIBUTION TO LITERATURE AND SCIENCE. 

Our professors have not only been attending to 
their work in the college as instructors, but have been 
widening the field of knowledge, each in his own 
department. I at one time thought of printing as an 
appendix to this address a list of the books, pamph- 
lets, and articles published by our professors since I 
came here, but I found that it would double the size 
of this volume. The classical professors have been 
publishing text-books which are used in a number of 
our institutions. Our scientific teachers have been 
issuing volumes and papers of great value, and all of 
them increasing our knowledge of certain depart- 
ments of nature. The Princeton Review has all along 
been conducted by Princeton editors : Dr. Hodge, 
Dr. Atwater, and Mr. Jonas Libbey, and now with 
great ability in a new form by Professor Sloane. 



26 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 

The valuable ArchcBological Journal is edited by one 
of our younger professors. 

THE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE. 

Our School of Science has a body of able profes- 
sors. It gives instruction in mathematics, in the 
various branches of physical science, and in modern 
languages. We seek to make its students educated 
gentlemen, and not mere scientists. We require 
Latin (or in engineering French) on the part of 
those who enter. All the students have to receive 
instruction in English and to write essays. To pre- 
serve them from the materialistic tendencies of the 
day, they have to attend the classes either of Psy- 
chology or Logic. It is evident that this school, 
which has now ninety-two students, will rise every 
year in public estimation. Our two departments, 
the Academic and the Scientific, send out every year 
a large body of educated young men to occupy 
important positions all over the country. It is 
proper to add that the students issue three periodi- 
cals. The Nassau Literary Alagazine has all along 
been an organ of a high character, and contains 
solid articles of superior literary ability. The 
Princetonian some years ago was in the way of 
attacking the Faculty. Now it is conducted in the 
most admirable spirit— only it gives more space to 



Twenty Years of Princeton College. 27 

gymnastics than to literature. '' Pray," said an Ox- 
ford Don to me after reading several numbers, **are 
you the President of a gymnastic institution ? " It 
shows the spirit that reigns in our college that we 
have now a religious organ, The Phtladelphian, 
containing high class articles fitted to do good 
among the students. 

PHILOSOPHY IN PRINCETON. 

As we added branch after branch, it was found 
that we could arrange them, the old and the new, 
into three grand departments : Language and 
Literature, Science, and Philosophy. We did not 
separate these absolutely, but we have constantly 
kept the distinction in view. I remember the day 
when Mrs. Robert L. Stuart came down to Princeton 
and handed me $154,000, to enable me to establish a 
school of philosophy. 

As the head of the college, I have endeavored to 
give each of our varied departments its own place, 
and carefully to arrange a balance of studies, so as to 
keep the minds of the students from being one-sided, 
and therefore narrow and exclusive. But while I 
was President I became also a professor, and I am 
glad that I did so, for I was thereby brought into 
closer relationship with the students, and came to 
know them better. 



28 Twenty Yea^^s of Princeton College, 

Following my tastes, I have endeavored to create 
and sustain an interest in all branches of mental phi- 
losophy. I have usually been teaching three depart- 
ments : Psychology, the History of Philosophy, and 
Contemporary Philosophy, and have branched off 
into Esthetics and Metaphysics. The other two 
mental sciences, Logic and Ethics, have been taught 
by Professor Ormond and Professor Patton. I strove 
to make the study attractive, and have commonly 
had under me upwards of two hundred students, many 
of them elective. In connection with my classes I had 
library meetings in my house, in which papers were 
read on philosophic subjects by alumni and others 
and afterwards discussed by students of the upper 
classes, and occasionally by professors. The at- 
tendance was at first about a dozen, but it soon 
rose to from seventy to one hundred and fifty. 
Many will remember all their lives the stimulating 
effects of these meetings. 

In my teaching I have followed the plan of the 
German professors, first lecturing on the subject, and 
after a time giving my expositions to the world in 
published volumes. The public has not always fol- 
lowed my philojiophy, but has given me, what greater 
men than I have not been able to gain — a hearing, 
both in this country and in Great Britain. I am 
gratified to find my college lectures on Psychol- 



a 



Twenty Years of Princeton College. 29 

ogy and Logic (in Queen's College, Belfast) in a 
great many upper schools and in a number of col- 
leges in America. Dr. Duff, the great missionary, 
sent me a message on his deathbed, to prepare a 
text-book on mental science for India, to save them 
from materialism diligently taught them by books 
from England. This I have now done in my two 
small volumes on Psychology, which have been sanc- 
tioned by the University of Calcutta, while steps are 
being taken to have them adopted in other colleges 
in India. Pupils of mine are using them in Japan 
and Ceylon. My pupils may be pleased to learn 
that the lectures which I delivered to them are 
reproduced in these distant lands. So early as my 
college days in Scotland, I was so ambitious as to 
hope that I might some day produce a work on phi- 
losophy ; little did I dream that it would be used in 
western America and in eastern Asia. 

I am represented as being of the Scottish school 
of philosophy. I am not ashamed of my country, 
certainly not of my country's philosophy. I was 
trained in it. I adhere to it in one important princi- 
ple : I believe that the truths of mental philosophy 
are to be discovered by a careful observation and 
induction of what passes in the mind. Not that our 
observation and induction gives them their authority ; 
they have their authority in themselves ; but it is 



30 Twenty Years of Princeton College, 



3 



thus we discover them. But in other respects I diflfer 
from the Scottish school. I profess to get my phi- 
losophy from the study of the human mind directly, 
and not from the teachino- of others. The Scottish 
school maintains that we know only the qualities 
of thinofs ; I sav we know the thinofs themselves. 
Hamilton makes our knowledore relative : I make it 
positive. So I call my philosophy Realism, and by 
help of a few obvious distinctions I hope to estab- 
lish it. America has as yet no special philosophy of 
its own. I lonor to see it have such. This must be 
taken directly from the study of the mind, and not 
from Germany or any other source. My ambition is 
to aid a little in the foundation of an American phi- 
losophy which, as a philosophy of facts, will be found 
to be consistent with a sound theology. 

POST-GRADUATE STUDENTS. 

From an early period of my presidency we have 
had post-graduate students. We have always thrown 
open our doors to them. We encourage them be- 
cause it is out of them we hope to make scholars. 
In our crowded curriculum we cannot expect in the 
under-graduate course of study to produce a high 
erudition in any one department But when stu- 
dents come up to us after graduation and take up 
earnestly one or two departments, we can carry them 



Twenty Years of Princeton College, 3 1 

on to very high attainments, and it may be prepare 
them to be professors. The number of our graduate 
students has been gradually increasing. This last 
year we have had seventy-eight. I have commonly 
had upwards of forty, most of them students from 
the seminary, studying the higher questions of phi- 
losophy. These graduate classes will force us on to 
become a university. 

We have devised and published a way by which 
higher degrees of Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of 
Science, Doctor of Literature, and Bachelor of The- 
ology may be obtained from us by the graduates of 
any college, without residence, by pursuing a course 
of study and standing an examination. This is a 
measure full of promise, and I hope will be carried 
out when I retire. It will gather round us a body of 
men eagerly pursuing high studies. 

ALUMNI ASSOCIATIONS. 

I think I may claim to have taken great pains to 
keep our graduates in close connection with the col- 
lege. I have set up a great many alumni associa- 
tions (there are in all eighteen), and have often 
visited them, travelling hundreds and some years 
thousands of miles for this purpose, and reporting 
the state of the college as I went along. I have 
enjoyed these meetings with the graduates, and 



32 Twenty Years of Princeton College, 



1 



have returned with a most valuable knowledge of 
what the community expects of the college. I pro- 
posed several years ago that the Alumni should 
have authority to appoint an Advisory committee, 
with power to give recommendations to the Board 
of Trustees and to enter any class-room. The pro- 
posal was not adopted. It may come up in some 
future year. 

OUR FUNDS. 

1 am not to give an account of our finances, which 
have been carefully watched over by Mr. John N. 
Stewart and Mr. Charles Green. Some of our 
friends do not let their left hand know what their 
right hand doeth, and so I am not able to speak with 
precision of the gifts we have received. I believe 
that towards three millions have been contributed 
to the college during my tenure of office. The 
principle on which we have proceeded has been 
never to contract any debt and never to lay up any 
money. Only on one occasion did we contract any 
large amount of debt, and Mr. R. L. Stuart, who 
contributed $100,000, joined some of our trustees in 
paying it off. We are laboring under no debt at 
this moment. But the trustees will require to cast 
themselves on the friends of the college to enable 
them to fulfil the obligations which they have con- 



Twenty Years of Princeton College, 33 

tracted on the retiring of one president and the 
appointment of another. 

I may mention here that, to encourage struggling 
young men, we have funds contributed by generous 
friends whereby we give scholarships of #100 a 
year each, and $30 more if they intend to be minis- 
ters, to one hundred and seventy students. Dr. 
Duffield manages these funds with great care and 
kindness. 

OUR CONTRIBUTORS. 

I am sorry that my space does not allow of my 
mentioning the names of the many contributors to 
our college funds. Some of them have been referred 
to in the course of my narrative. I must refer to a 
few others. The Hon. John I. Blair has watched 
over our college with very great care, has endowed 
the chair of Geology, and has lately given $20,000 to 
the increase of professors' salaries. Mr. Lynde has 
given three prizes for excellence in debate. A gen- 
tleman who has given us only his initials has founded 
a Mathematical Fellowship and a large prize to the 
Freshman Class. Mr. Charles O. Baird has fur- 
thered oratory by his prizes to the Junior Class. We 
have received a most valuable set of papers on the 
late war from Mr. Pierson. You may notice that 
kind friends have enabled me to complete the work 



34 Twenty Years of Princeton College, 

begun by Dr. Maclean, and to hang up in the 
Museum portraits of all the presidents of the college 
and of other eminent men connected with it. 



OUR NUMBERS. 



In consequence of the improvements of our teach- 
ing and our courses, our numbers have been slowly 
but gradually increasing. 



Years. 


Students. 


Years. 


Students 


In 1867-8 


264 


1878-9 


473 


1868-9 


281 


1879-80 


481 


1869-70 


328 


1880-I 


488 


1 870-1 


364 


1881-2 


537 


187I-2 


379 


1882-3 


572 


1872-3 


376 


1883-4 


523 


1873-4 


417 


1884-5 


519 


1874-5 


408 


1885-6 


497 


1875-6 


483 


1886-7 


539 


1876-7 


472 


1887-8 


604 


1877-8 


496 







It will be thus seen that our numbers have more 
than doubled — from 264 to upwards of 600. 

THE PROPOSED UNIVERSITY. 

I think it proper to state that I meant all along 
that these new and varied studies, with their group- 
ings and combinations, should lead to the formation 
of a studium generale, which was supposed in the 
Middle Ages to constitute a university. At one 
time I cherished a hope that I might be honored to 
introduce such a measure. From my intimate ac- 



Twenty Years of Princeton College, 35 

quaintance with the systems of Princeton and other 
colleges, I was so vain as to think that out of our 
available materials I could have constructed a uni- 
versity of a high order. I would have embraced in 
it all that is good in our college ; in particular, I 
would have seen that it was pervaded with religion, 
as the college is. I was sure that such a step would 
have been followed by a large outflow of liberality 
on the part of the public, such as we enjoyed in 
the early days of my presidency. We had had the 
former rain, and I hoped we might have the latter 
rain, and we could have given the institution a 
wider range of usefulness in the introduction of 
new branches and the extension of post-graduate 
studies. But this privilege has been denied me. I 
have always been prepared to contend with the 
enemies of the college, but I am not ready to fight 
with its greatest benefactors. So I retire. The 
college has been brought to the very borders, and 
I leave it to another to carry it over into the land 
of promise. 

BARBAROUS COLLEGE PRACTICES. 

While this improvement of education was going 
on we had to contend against degrading college 
customs, some of which had come down from colo- 
nial times and were copied from the schools of Eng- 



36 Twenty Years of Princeton College, 

land. There were rakes secretly issued by the 
members of one class against the members of 
another. We had horn -sprees and foolish bonfires 
kindled in the campus and the embers often en- 
dangering the whole college buildings. Worst of 
all, we had the hazing and the smoking of students. 
I resolved to put down these. When I found that 
they had the serpent's power of prolonged life, and 
that it was difficult to kill them, I tried first of all 
to make the classes condemn them, and often suc- 
ceeded. But at times we had to exercise discipline 
on the offenders, who were commonly supported by 
a considerable body of students. I would not be 
giving a true picture of the times unless I mentioned 
one or two cases. 

At that time morning prayers were held at seven, 
and the students came out rubbing their eyes, with 
their great-coats thrown loosely over their shoulders 
and buttoning their clothes. One morning I saw a 
student with his head all '' shaven and shorn." I 
called up a tutor and asked him whether the student 
had had fever. " No," said he ; *' did you not hear 
that he had been hazed ? " I told him that I had not, 
but added that the whole college would hear of it 
before we had done with it. Knowing that if I 
called the hazed student to my house it would only 
be to expose him to farther indignity, I asked a 



Twenty Years of Princeton College. 37 

professor to give me the use of his study and 
invited the student to meet me there. When I 
asked how he felt on being hazed, he repHed, 
**Very indignant." I said I was glad to hear it. 
He told me that a company of students disguised 
had come into his room late at night, that they 
gagged his mouth lest he should cry and his ears 
lest he should identify them ; that they had shaved 
his head, then put him under the pump, and left 
him tied on the campus. I asked if he had any 
friends. He answered, *' Few, sir ; I am a poor 
Irish boy, but one man has helped me ; " naming 
Chancellor Green. '' My dear fellow, you have a 
noble friend." I wrote a letter to the chancellor and 
ordered the student to set off with it next morning 
before dawn, and tell what had been done to him. 
Next morning, a little after eight, I saw the noble 
form of the chancellor pass my window and enter 
my study. Hitherto he had been very cold toward 
me — I believe he did not see the propriety of bring- 
ing over a Scotchman to be the head of an American 
college. He asked me somewhat sternly, " Are 
you in earnest?" I answered that I was never 
more in earnest in my life. '' But," said he, '' I 
have often found when I tried to uphold the 
college in putting down evils there was a weak 
yielding." I told him that he might find that 



38 Twenty Years of Princeto7i College. 

this was not just my character. He asked me 
what I meant to do. I answered that I was a 
stranger, newly come to this country, that I had 
asked for a conference with him — an alumnus, 
a trustee, and as the head of the law in New 
Jersey — to ask his advice. " Can you not," said he, 
" summon the perpetrators before the faculty ? " 
"• Yes," I replied, '' but I have little evidence to 
proceed on. The student thinks he knows two of 
those who gagged him, but is not sure ; and stu- 
dents capable of such deeds reckon it no crime to 
lie to the faculty." " What then are we to do ? " I 
replied that I wished him to say. But he again 
asked, " Are you in earnest ? " I said '' he might 
try me." He then proposed that we should start 
a criminal process, and said he would engage the 
attorney-general as prosecutor, and would see that 
the jury was not packed. I said, " I accept your 
terms," and added. " You may now go home. Chan- 
cellor, the case is settled." He asked, " What do 
you mean ? " looking at me with amazement. I 
simply mentioned that I had been dealing with stu- 
dents for sixteen years, and knew that the case was 
settled. I felt that the time was come when I 
should be as cold to him as he had been to me. I 
thanked him for coming to me when I meant to go 
to him, and bade him good-morning. I asked a 



Twenty Years of Princeton College, 39 

professor to send for one of the students supposed 
to have been guilty, and to tell him that the great 
chancellor had been here, that he was that day to 
engage the attorney-general as prosecutor, and 
that if the guilty parties did not send me an apol- 
ogy in forty-eight hours they would all be in prison. 
In a few hours I received a humble letter, signed by 
about a dozen students, confessing that they were 
guilty, expressing their sorrow, and promising that 
they would never commit a like offence. I sent 
a message to the professors, asking them to be in 
their place next morning at prayers, and the stu- 
dents were prepared for something to come when 
they saw them all assembled. I took out the paper 
sent me, and read it till I came to the signatures, 
when I put it in my pocket, saying, "■ I accept the 
apology and the promise, and neither the faculty 
nor any other shall ever know the names. Let us 
read the passage on repentance, 2 Cor. vii." I never 
saw the college more moved. 

For some years hazing was considerably sub- 
dued. But it continued in other colleges which 
have not had the courage to grapple with it, and 
has reappeared in this college once and again and 
has led to some very painful scenes. It has for the 
present disappeared, I trust finally. 

As a happy consequence of this act I gained 



I 



40 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 

the friendship of Chancellor Green, who ever after- 
wards stood by me in the Board of Trustees and 
beyond it, telling those who opposed my measures 
that in opposing me they would have to oppose him. 
His family became deeply interested in the college, 
and have been our most generous benefactors. I 
was gratified when his family asked me to be a 
mourner at the funeral of that man, one of the great- 
est that Jersey has produced.* 

I may state that this was the first and last case in 
which I resolved to carry discipline into a criminal 
court. I thought it right to let the college know 
that the criminal courts could interfere in such a case. 
But it is better that the faculty should exercise dis- 
cipline in a paternal spirit. Another incident may 
be given. A company resolved to smoke a student. 
They entered his room vigorously puffing out tobacco 
fumes, hoping thereby to sicken him. The faculty 
sent them home to their fathers and mothers. At 
the close of one of my Bible recitations about twenty 
students remained behind and asked to speak with 
me, and they spoke feelingly of the pain which the 
dismissal of their companions would give to fathers 

* Mr. Courtland Parker said to me as we rode in the same carriage at his 
funeral, " When the Chancellor summed up the evidence and addressed the 
criminal condemned to die, I always felt that I had a picture of the day of 
judgment." 



Twenty Years of Princeton College. 41 

and mothers and grandmothers. I saw at once that 
I had before me, not those who had been engaged 
in the foul deed, but the best students in the class, 
who had been elected as most likely to have an influ- 
ence over me. It occurred to me that I might catch 
them in the trap which they had laid for me. I said 
to them, '* Do you approve of the deed which has been 
done ? " '' No," they answered heartily. "■ But how," 
I asked, ** do you propose to stop such acts ? " They 
were staggered. I saw out of the window two hun- 
dred students gathered like a thunder-cloud on the 
campus and threatening rebellion. I said, '' Gentle- 
men, go out to these students and ask them to pass a 
resolution condemning the offensive practice ; " and I 
promised that if they did so I would ask the faculty 
to rescind their sentence. To show that I was not 
afraid, I passed by the crowd on my way home and 
heard a student denouncing the abominable deed 
that had been committed by the students. The 
company was divided and soon scattered. They 
had planned on that afternoon to rise in a body and 
leave the chapel. No one rose, and the threatening 
cloud passed away. 

When these emeutes took place we were always 
favored with the visits of interviewers from the New 
York newspapers. I remember that one day when 
I was coming down from New York, I had a dozen 



42 Twenty Years of Princeton College, 

reporters on the same train, all bent on carrying 
back a sensational story founded on some small dis- 
turbance which had occurred the night before. At 
one of these times a reporter from a reputable journal 
called on me for information. I told him that I would 
give him this, but that he must publish what I said to 
him, which he agreed to do, and I began : " Whereas 
a certain newspaper, " naming it, '' had been publish- 
ing vile stories against Princeton College, evidently 
-written by sub- editors from a rival college, the alumni 
and students of Princeton were about to form a com- 
bination in which each member bound himself never 
to buy a copy of that paper." The reporter wrote a 
while, and then put his pen behind his ear and said, 
•' President, this will never do." and promised to 
speak to the editor ; and in a day or two after the 
editor wrote me. asking me to appoint a reporter from 
among the students, and we were troubled no more 
from that quarter. 

I mention these things in order to give me an op- 
portunity of explaining that these scenes of disturb- 
ance, which were reported years ago in so exagger- 
ated a form, almost always rose from our putting down 
debasing customs. I could not in dignity answer 
the distorted reports, and many believed them. We 
have now happily put down all these old barbarous 
customs, and of late years I have no complaint to 



Twenty Years of Princeton College, 43 

make of the newspaper press. It seems Inclined to 
speak good of us rather than evil, and of myself, I 
am sure it praises, vastly more than they deserve, 
the efforts I have made for the advancement of the 
college. 

I do not wish to fight old battles over again, but 
if I am to give a correct account of the period, I 
must mention the important historical events. 

SECRET SOCIETIES. 

When I became connected with Princeton, the 
secret Greek Letter Fraternities had considerable 
power, in the college. The trustees years before 
had passed a law requiring every entering student 
to come under a solemn obligation to have no con- 
nection whatever with any secret society. I felt 
from the beginning that the college was in this 
respect in a very unhappy position, the students sign- 
ing a pledge which a number of them knowingly vio- 
lated. On inquiry I discovered that while some of the 
societies did mean to foster pleasant social feelings 
and to create a taste for oratory, yet that their influ- 
ence was upon the whole for evil. I soon found 
that the societies sought to get the college honors 
to their members and to support those who were 
under college discipline. I felt that as the head of 
the college I must put an end to this state of things. 



44 Twenty Years of P7'tnceton College. 

I was powerfully aided or rather led in carr}-ing this 
out by the late Dr. At water, who had more credit 
than I in suppressing the secret societies. One 
courageous student set himself vigorously to oppose 
the attempt to get the college honors to members of 
the fraternities. The difficult}^ was to get evidence. 
But certain lodges got photographs taken of their 
members. These fell into our hands. The offenders 
stood clearly before us. I summoned them before 
the faculty. They did not deny the charge and we 
sent them home. In a short time each sent in a 
paper in which he promised to give up while in col- 
leo^e all connection with secret societies. I retained 
these papers for a time to secure that the promise 
should be kept, but I have shown them to no one. 
The facult}'- restored the students who, I believe, kept 
their word. Now the great body of the students 
would earnestly oppose the reintroduction of these 
fraternities into our college. Most of the professors 
in the American colleges orofess to lament the exist- 
ence of such societies, but have not the courage to 
suppress them. I am sorry to find that of late some 
eminent men beloneinof to other colleges have been 
defending these secret organizations. 

One of the greatest evils arising from the Greek 
letter societies is that they tended to lessen the num- 
bers and usefulness of our two noble societies, the 



Twenty Years of Princeton College, 45 

Whig and the Cllosophic. These form an essential 
part of our educational system. They have done as 
much good as any other department of our college 
teaching. They have helped mightily to prepare our 
young men for the pulpit, the bar, and the Senate. 
I may be permitted to suggest that the barbarous 
customs at entrance might be profitably abandoned. 
I farther think that the societies should be so opened 
that from time to time each should have great public 
debates open to ladies as well as gentlemen. Not till 
then can we have the highest style of popular elo- 
quence. 

GYMNASTICS. 

I feel a great pride in remembering that I intro- 
duced gymnastics into the college. The sentence 
of my Inaugural in which I declared that there 
should be exercises in the colleges to strengthen the 
bodily frame called forth loud acclamations. Since 
that time gymnastics have had an important place 
under careful superintendents and our students have 
manfully kept their own. From the gymnastic 
exercises within our walls and grounds much good 
has arisen and no evil. The bodily frames of our 
students have been strengthened, and their health 
sustained by the manly exercises, while habits of 
mental agility and self-possession have been ac- 



46 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 



^ 



uired, of great use in preparing young men for the 
active duties of life. 

But there may be, there have been, e\Tk arising 
from the abuse of competitive games, especially with 
professionals. The applause given may create an 
enthusiasm which should rather be directed to study. 
Some may prefer the improving shout of ten thou- 
sand spectators on the ball field to the earning of a 
class honor or a university fellowship. The youth 
who can skilfully throw a ball may be more highly 
esteemed than one of high scholarship or character. 
Your strutting college heroes may consist of men 
who have merely powerful arms and l^rs. 

It is acknowledged that some of our greatest 
gymnasts have been as scholarly and pious as any 
members of their dass. There is no necessary^ or 
even usual connection between gynmastic eminence 
and immorality. But there may be some half-dozen 
or ten in each class of a hundred who devote so 
much time and mind to the games that they n^lect 
their studies and virtually lose their college year. 
The games may be accompanied with betting and 
drinking. They may tend in some cases to produce 
the manners of a buUy or a jockey rather than of a 
scholar or a cultivated gentieman. The talk of the 
students in the campus may be more about the nice 
points of football, or baseball, than of Hterature or 



Twenty Years of Princeton College, 47 

science. The style of gaming may become profes- 
sional instead of being promotive of health, and the 
great body of the students, instead of joining in the 
exercises, may stand by and look idly on others 
playing. 

The question presses itself upon us, How are we 
to get the acknowledged good without the accompany- 
ing evils ? The question is keenly discussed ; I hope 
it will continue to be discussed till it is satisfactorily 
settled. Twice have I made the attempt to bring 
the principal Eastern colleges to an agreement. 
The colleges were willing to unite except one or 
two who trade upon their gymnastic eminence to 
gain students. As these stood out nothing could be 
done. But things have come to a crisis. Harvard 
and Yale now profess to see the evils that arise 
from competitive games. Let the discussion con- 
tinue. Let it be publicly conducted. Let it be known 
what position each college takes. Let fathers and 
mothers say what they wish for their sons. Let the 
public press speak boldly. The issue within the next 
year or two will be that we shall have the good without 
the evil. Meanwhile let Princeton proclaim that 
her reputation does not depend on her skill on 
throwing or kicking a ball but on the scholarship and 
the virtue of her sons. 



48 Twenty Year's of Princeton College, 

THE MORALITY OF THE COLLEGE. 

If any one tells me that in a college with hun- 
dreds of students there is no vice he is either de- 
ceived himself or is endeavoring to deceive others. 
We acknowledge that there are evils in our colleo[-e, 
but we do all we can to repress them. Of late years 
there has been very little vicious conduct in Prince- 
ton College. What exists is obliged to hide itself. 
The great body of the students discountenance it, 
and do not, as they were often tempted to do in for- 
mer years, defend those who may be under disci- 
pline. 

I hold that in every college the Faculty should 
look after, not only the intellectual improvement, 
but the morals of those committed to their care by 
parents and guardians. I am afraid that both in 
Europe and America all idea of looking after the 
character of students has been given up by many of 
our younger professors. Their feeling is, *' I am 
bound to give instruction in my department and to 
advance the study in all quarters ; but as to looking 
after the private character of any student, I do 
not recognize it to be part of my duty and I shrink 
from it, I decHne to undertake it." I have been very 
careful not to let this spirit get abroad among our 
young instructors. Our law enjoins that every pro- 



Twenty Years of Princeton College. 49 

fessor is bound in duty to watch over the welfare of 
the students, many of whom are far from home. We 
have a tutor or officer in every college building whose 
office it is to see that those living there conduct 
themselves properly. 

We have abandoned the spy system, and our 
officers do not peep in at windows or through key- 
holes— ^a practice at which the student would gen- 
erally contrive to outwit his guardian. With us 
everything is open and above board. We proceed on 
the principle that the college comes loco parentis. 
The youth is treated as he would be by a parent 
We listen patiently to every one against whom a 
suspicion is entertained or a charge brought. We 
dismiss no one without evidence, and there is rarely 
if ever a case in which the culprit does not confess 
his guilt. Our penalties consist in sending home the 
youth for a shorter or longer time to his parents, that 
they may deal with him. 

For sixteen years I had the somewhat invid- 
ious task of looking after the morals and disci- 
pline of the college. Since that time this important 
work has been committed to Dean Murray, who has 
shown more patience than I did in the discharge of 
his duties. Parents may be satisfied when they know 
that he is looking after the best welfare of their sons. 

I could weep this day, did I not restrain myself, 



50 Twenty Years of Princeton College, 

over some who have fallen when with us. But I am 
able to sa}^ that when parents join with us in the exer- 
cise of discipline, it commonly succeeds in accomplish- 
ing its end, the reformation of the offender. We have 
the privilege and the advantage of a great many of 
the youths sent us having been well trained at home. 
I am able to testify that God has been faithful to his 
promise, ''Train up a child in the way he should go, 
and in his old age he will not depart therefrom." 

There is a much more pleasant relationship 
between the professors and the students of late 
years. It is a much easier thing now to govern the 
college. This is especially so since a provision has 
been made for a conference between the faculty and 
an elected committee of the students as to judicial 
cases. I doubt much whether such a measure could 
have been made to work beneficially in some earlier 
years, as the students might have chosen repre- 
sentatives to fiorht with the facultv. This confer 
ence, long contemplated by me, has been carried 
into effect by Dean Murray with the happiest re 
suits. 

I believe the moral tone of the college is upon the 
whole sound at this present moment. Lately the 
students, w^ith my consent and approval, held a mass- 
meeting and denounced the base men who send 
them obscene publications by mail, hx, the same 



Twenty Years of Princeton College, 5 1 

meeting they voted unanimously for No License in 
this town, and helped greatly in carrying this measure 
in the burgh. I cannot tell how happy I am to 
think that when I give up my office in the college, 
there is not a place for the sale of spirituous liquors 
in all Princeton. 

RELIGION IN THE COLLEGE. 

From the beginning Princeton has been a relig- 
ious college professedly and really. It has given 
instruction weekly on the Bible, and required attend- 
ance at prayers daily and on public worship on the 
Sabbath. The prayers in the chapel are conducted by 
the President and professors in their turn, and the 
preaching by those of us who are ministers, and 
very frequently now by eminent divines who are 
invited to visit us. Dean Murray conducts public wor- 
ship with great acceptance once a fortnight. Our 
Sabbath services of late years are not found to be 
tedious by the students. Every Sabbath afternoon 
at five there is a meeting of the whole college for 
prayer, and a ten-minutes address which is com- 
monly interesting as well as useful. 

There is much talk in certain quarters of the 
importance of giving instruction in the English 
Bible in colleges. Let me tell those who are recom- 
mending this to us, that this has always been done 



52 Twenty Years of PriTueton College, 



1 



in Princeton. We are not ashamed, neither profes- 
sors nor students, of the gospel of Jesus ChrisL 

In entering upon my work here I found some dif- 
ficulty in inducing those who had previously con- 
ducted religious instruction to continue to do so, so 
I undertook the whole work myself. For eight 
years I gave Bible instruction weekly to every stu- 
dent. My course lasted four years, and in these I 
carried the students in a g^eneral wav throuo^h the 
Bible. 

I am not sure that I acted wisely in undertaking" 
all this work. At the end of the eight years I 
divided the work among several others, reserv-- 
ing always to myself an important part, the Penta- 
teuch and the Epistle to the Romans, on which the 
seniors were required to recite. Latterly I have 
given up the whole Bible instruction to seven or 
eight others. Dean Murray gives instruction to the 
seniors in the doctrinal teachings of the gospels and 
the epistles. Professor Ormond goes through the 
book of Acts with the juniors. Professor Orris takes 
up St. John's Gospel in Greek with the Academic 
sophomores and Professor Winans takes up St. 
Luke's gospel. The Academic freshmen have a gen- 
eral introduction to the study of the Scriptures, the 
poetical books of Scripture and the parables of our 
Lord recited on bv Professors Hunt, West, and 



Twenty Years of Princeton College, 53 

Tutor Roddy. Professor Macloskie gives two 
courses to the sophomores and freshmen in the 
School of Science — one on lessons from the Old 
Testament, the other on the Life of Christ. Profes- 
sor Winans has an optional class once a week, in 
the evening, in which he gives special instruction in 
the Greek of the New Testament. 

The majority of the students have always been 
professors of religion. One year there were two- 
thirds, and this year there are three-fifths. I am able 
to testify that these students as a whole, and with 
some human infirmities, live consistently with the 
profession which they make. At this present time 
we have 366 names on the roll of the Philadelphia 
Society, which is the special religious association of 
the college, and which has been the centre of the 
spiritual life among us for many years. 

We have had our times of gracious revival. I 
remember one year which began with a season of 
great religious apathy. The number attending our 
prayer-meetings was very small — perhaps twenty or 
thirty. But we had a few devoted men, some of 
whom had come from another college, who prayed 
as earnestly as ever men prayed, saying to God that 
** we will not let thee go exceptthou bless us." One 
night there was heard in our campus the noise of a 
company, who had been drinking. We summoned 



54 Twenty Years of Princetcni College, 

before the faculty a number of students, whose names 
had been called as they were returning to their 
rooms. We had difficulty in making them confess. 
After dealing for more than an hour with one young 
man — now a lawver In hio-h standinor — in which he 
continued parrying me off, he burst out : *' President, 
I can stand this no longer. I was drinking, and I 
fear I am getting fond of drink." We sent the band 
home for a time. They returned deploring their 
conduct. Our act of discipline was blessed by God. 
The collecre was moved, manv betook themselves to 
prayer. Prayer meetings were numerous and ear- 
nest. Dozens were converted and have ever since 
continued steadfast in the faith. 

In 1876, we had a deep religious revival. Meet- 
ings for conference and prayers were held by the stu- 
dents every day and every night. Every student, 
indeed every member of the college, felt awed and 
subdued. It was estimated that upwards of one hun- 
dred were converted. I know that the great body 
of them, if not all, have continued faithful, are lead- 
ing consistent lives, and doing good over wide 
regions in this land and in others. On one occa- 
sion some strange fire mingled at times with the fire 
from off the altar of God. There was a jealousy 
of the faculty on the part of a number of the students. 
Some of the strano-ers who came here to address 



a 



Twenty Years of Princeton College, 55 

them kept studiously away from the President and 
professors, lest it should be thought that the work 
was a scheme of the college authorities. But the few 
evils that appeared were overwhelmed and lost sight 
of in the midst of the good that was done. When 
the excitement was somewhat dying down, the 
students felt the need of the wise counsel of their 
college instructors, and came to put confidence 
in them. 

In later years the religious interest has not so 
often taken the form of what is called a revival. But 
all along we have had, every year or two, seasons of 
deep religious earnestness, as in 1870, in 1872, in 
1874, if^ 1882, in 1886. At the beginning of this year 
we had such a time on the occasion of the visit of 
Professor Drummond and two professors from the 
University of Edinburgh. At these times the meet- 
ings for prayers were frequent and well attended, and 
there were short meetings for worship conducted by 
students in the college entries about nine at night, 
to which all students in the entry were invited. On 
these occasions pains were taken to secure that 
every student, especially those who had made no 
profession of religion, were spoken to about the 
state of their soul. It may be said truly that no stu- 
dent has left our college without the way of salvation 
having been made known from the pulpit on the 



^6 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 

Sabbath, by the weekly Bible instruction of profes- 
sors, and by the repeated personal appeals of his 
pious feDow students. 

In 1877 a convention was held in Louis\'ille for 
the purpose of organizing societies for Christian 
work in every college. One of our professors, Dr. 
Libbey, was induced to become a leader in this 
movement. He and Mr. Wishard, a student of ours, 
engaged as secretar^^ visited a great many of the 
colleofes of the countrv and succeeded in establish- 
ing Christian associations in them. These ever 
since have been the centres of religious life, and have 
great influence in promoting religion in the colleges. 
By means of them the colleges can combine to 
further any good cause. They are in friendly relation- 
ship with the Young Men's Christian Association of 
America. 

In 1886 two of our students, Mr. Wilder and Mr. 
Forman, sons of missionaries, being stimulated by 
residing in the summer in Northfield under Mr. 
Moody, resolved to visit the colleges in Xew 
England. Canada and the Middle States in order to 
engage students, young men and women, to devote 
themselves to the work of the Lord as missionaries 
in the foreion field. Thev succeeded in orettino- no 
fewer than twenty- five hundred to profess their 
readiness to go where Christ might require. This 



Twenty Years of Princeton College, 57 

is, I believe, a genuine work. At this present time 
there is a very deep interest, greater than has ever 
been before, in foreign missions among the students 
of the college and seminary. A meeting for prayer 
is held after the morning service in the chapel, 
attended by about thirty persons, all purposing to go 
abroad as missionaries. A year ago the college stu- 
dents raised the funds to pay a missionary, and Mr. 
Forman has been sent out as Princeton College mis- 
sionary to India. 

Princeton College, during my presidency, has 
sent out at least three hundred men as ministers or 
preparing for the ministry. I know of at least 
twenty-five missionaries sent out during the same 
period. * 

Thank God we have had scarcely any avowed 
infidelity among us. Not above half a dozen out of 
our two thousand and more students have left us de- 
claring that they had no religious belief. Several of 
this small number have since become decided Chris- 
tians. The truth which had been addressed to them 
here stuck as a barbed arrow in their hearts till God 
gave them relief One young man while here had 
set himself against all religion. Three years after 
graduation he was elected to deliver the master s 
oration, and he came back among us to give a no- 
ble defence of the truth. On another occasion, I 



58 Twenty Years of Princeton College, 

sent for a young man who had just graduated, of 
whom I feared that he had no reHgious faith. After 
talking with him seriously, I asked if he would allow 
me to pray with him. He declined, saying that he 
did not believe in a God to whom to pray. So we 
parted. I had hope of him, knowing that he had a 
pious mother. I gave him a letter which helped him 
to get a government position in Washington. Some 
years after, I had occasion to deliver some lectures 
in Cincinnati, and was living in a hotel there. A 
stranger, who turned out to have graduated at Prince- 
ton before my day, came up to me and asked, " How 
is it that you make infidels in Princeton ? " I 
answered that this was not just our vocation. He 
then began to tell me of a young man who lived in 
the same boarding-house with him in Washington 
who had been an open-mouthed infidel, perpetually 
quoting Huxley and Spencer, and avowing himself 
an agnostic. I guessed who the young man was at 
once. After keeping me in a state of anxiety for a 
time, he said that he might be able to report some- 
thing that would gratify me, and he told me that 
this young man had gone to his mother to con- 
vert her; ''but/' he added, *'she floored him," and 
and now he is a member of a Young Men's Christian 
Association, and is deliverinor addresses on reliorion. 
Not long after, this youth called on me with his 



Twenty Years of Princeton College, 59 

newly- married wife. On the same chair on which 
he was seated when he declined to pray with me, 
he now asked me to pray with him. He is now 
a minister of the Gospel, and when I saw him last 
he was purposing to become a missionary. I pray 
that there may be a like issue in the case of the 
few who are still wandering. 

Happily I have never had any difficulty in dealing 
with students on the religious question. I have had 
under me Catholics as well as Protestants of all de- 
nominations, Jews and heathens. I have religiously 
guarded the sacred rights of conscience. I have 
never insisted on any one attending a religious ser- 
vice to which he conscientiously objected. With 
scarcely an exception, the students have attended our 
daily morning prayers in the chapel, and also our 
weekly religious instruction. We allow them to go 
to their own place of worship on the Sabbath. The 
Episcopalians have a St. Paul's Society, which we 
encourage. It is an interesting fact that during all 
my presidency no one has left the Presbyterian 
Church to join any other communion. 

In the instruction we give by lectures and recita- 
tions, we do not subject religion to science. But 
we are equally careful not to subject science to reli- 
gion. We give to each its own independent place, 
supported by its own evidence. We give to science 



6o Twenty Years of Princeton College, 

the things that belong to science, and to God the 
things that are God's. When a scientific theory is 
brought before us, our first inquiry is not whether it 
is consistent with religion, but whether it is true. 
If it is found to be true, on the principle of the 
induction of Bacon, it will be found that it is con- 
sistent with religion, on the principle of the unity of 
truth. We do not reject a scientific truth because at 
first sight it seems opposed to revelation. We have 
seen that geology, which an age ago seemed to be 
contrary to Scripture, has furnished many new illus- 
trations of the wisdom and goodness of God, and 
that the ages of geology have a wonderful general 
correspondence with the six days of the opening of 
Genesis. It will be remembered that the late Dr. 
Alexander defended Kant and Laplace's theory of 
the formation of the earth (substantially true, though 
it is now shown that it has overlooked some agen- 
cies at work), which was supposed to be inconsistent 
with religion. I have been defending Evolution, 
but in doing so, have given the proper account of it 
as the method of God's" procedure, and find that 
when so understood it is in no way inconsistent with 
Scripture. I have been thanked by pupils who see 
Evolution everywhere in nature because I have so 
explained it that they can believe both in it and in 
Scripture. I believe that whatever supposed dis- 



Twenty Years of Princeton College. 6r 

crepancies may come up for a time between science 
and revealed truth will soon disappear, that each 
will confirm the other, and both tend to promote 
the glory of God. 

CLOSE. 

During all this time a careful Providence has 
been watching over us. We have had no fire or 
flood to devastate us. The health of our students 
has been remarkably good. There have scarcely 
been any deaths within our walls. In making this 
statement I have to mention one sad exception. If 
I did not restrain myself I would weep as I think of 
it. In 1880, seven or eight young men were taken 
away by malignant fever. I do not feel as if I were 
specially to blame, as the sanitary arrangements 
were not committed to me ; but we college authori- 
ties were so far to blame, and I am afraid that we 
have scarcely made atonement by immediately 
after, at a large expense, making the sanitary con- 
dition of the college thoroughly satisfactory. For 
hours day and night was I employed in visiting the 
dying, and comforting their parents. The thought 
of these weeks is the most painful remxembrance of 
my Princeton life. 

I am led, this day, to look back on my past life 
in Princeton. I believe I can say truly that I have 



62 Twenty Years of Princeton College, 

coveted no man's silver or gold. The little I have 
laid up for old age I owe to a revered father who 
cultivated the land in Scotland, and to a beloved 
son, whose remains I have laid in your graveyard, 
expecting at no distant day to have my own laid 
beside them. I owe no man anything, but love to 
all men, gratitude for the favors bestowed on me — 
far greater than any I have bestowed on others. I 
trust I have lived for a higher end than riches, or 
power, or fame. For sixteen years I was a labori- 
ous minister of the Gospel, having in one of the 
churches I served upwards of 1,400 communicants. 
For the last thirty-five years I have been instruct- 
ing young men, and in Princeton have commonly 
had each year 200 young men studying philosophy 
under me. For all this I have to give account to 
God. 

I trust I have not been unmindful of the injunc- 
tion to be ''given to hospitality." My income, hap- 
pily we may suppose, did not admit ol my giving 
extravagant entertainments ; but when college duties 
did not prevent, I often asked the fathers and 
mothers of students — quite as frequently the poor 
as the rich — to come to my house, and in this way I 
became acquainted with the families of many of the 
young men. From time to time I had class recep- 
tions, in which the students were brought into closer 



Twenty Years of Princeton College. 63 

relationship with one another, with my family, and 
the people of the town. By these means I have 
sought in a small way to make college life less 
monastic and exclusive, and to cherish pleasant 
social feelings. In this respect, and in every 
respect, I have been aided by Mrs. McCosh, pro- 
vided to be my comfort, and who is appreciated by 
the students as being their friend in health and in 
sickness. 

It would be altogether a mistake for any one to 
suppose that the life of a college president is a dull 
or monotonous one. If he has any life in himself, 
he will be interested in the whole life of the college 
— and no institution has more life than a college. 
The students feel this in the recitation rooms, in 
their own rooms, on the campus, and at their games ; 
and why should not the president's heart beat re- 
sponsive to theirs } There is something happening 
every day, almost every hour of the day, to call forth 
feeling ; sometimes, I admit, of disappointment or sor- 
row, more" frequently of hope and. joy, as notice is 
brought of the success of this or of that young man. 
There is the father and mother presenting their boy, 
their hearts trembling with anxiety, while the youth 
is wondering at what is to happen. I have been 
liable every hour to have calls made upon me. It 
is a mother asking how her son is doing, and is so 



64 Twenty Years of Princeton College. 

pleased when I can report favorably. It is a stu- 
dent waitings on me to consult about his studies or 
his financial difficulties, to ask me to help him to 
get a certain position, or to tell me of the death of a 
father or sister. I was never disturbed by such 
calls. I often orathered a considerable amount of 
knowledge from them. The callers never stayed 
too long or annoyed me by improper requests. I 
have found when I was following some deep phil- 
osophic theme, and had run aground, that I was 
relieved by a student coming in to divert my 
thoughts, and I returned to my studies to find the 
difficulties gone. I have rejoiced when I found any 
young man advancing in his studies, particularly 
when he was eagerly pursuing some high branch. 
I confess that I scarcely know what to do with 
myself after I am separated from these interesting 
associations and employments on which so much of 
my happiness has depended these many years. 

For the last thirty-five years my intercourse has 
been chiefly with young men. My heart has been 
in my work, and I have delighted to lecture to 
them, to listen to the questions they put to me 
when they were perplexed about some of the 
deeper problems of philosophy or religion. Two 
circumstances so far help to reconcile me to the 
position I have now to take. 



Twenty Years of Princeton College, 65 

The first, that I am to be succeeded by one in 
whom I have thorough confidence that he will carry 
on the work which has been begun ; no, but that he 
will carry on a work of his own. Possessed of the 
highest intellectual powers, he will devote them all to 
the good of this college. With unrivalled dialectic 
skill he will ever be ready to defend the truth. I 
am not sure that we have in this country at this 
moment a more powerful defender of the faith. 
Carrying at his side a sharp two-edged sword, he 
uses it only against error. I can leave with confi- 
dence these young men to his care, believing that 
he will, watch carefully over their training in knowl- 
edge, in morals, and in religion. I am particularly 
happy when I think that philosophy, and this of a 
high order, and favoring religion, is safe in his 
hands, and will be handed down by him to the gen- 
eration following. I feel that I will have to say, 
" What have I done in comparison of you ? Is not 
the gleaning of the grapes of Ephraim better than 
the vintage of Abiezer ? " 

Secondly, I am pleased to find that I have still 
some place in this college. I should like to bring 
forth some " fruit in old age." My life has had two 
sides ; one employed in thinking, and the other in 
action ; and I have not found the two inconsistent. 
I am sure that the metaphysics I have taught have 
5 



66 Twenty Years of Pri7iceton College, 

been all the wiser, because I have become ac- 
quainted with men and manners. I have been 
identified with important public events in Scotland, 
in Ireland, and now in the higher education in 
America, and I should like to leave some record 
behind of what I have done and seen, especially in 
helping to form in the district in which I lived the 
Free Church of Scotland. But if I am spared to do 
any important work, it must be in a different field. 

I cherish the belief that God has given me some 
things farther to say on the subject of philosophy, 
fitted to form a basis to truth in this age of unsettled 
opinion among so many young men. I have had 
the unspeakable privilege and pleasure of expound- 
ing philosophy to between two and three thousand 
young men in Princeton. The lectures I delivered 
here being published, have got an entrance into 
India, Japan, and Ceylon. I mean to follow this 
leading of Providence. Next winter I intend to give 
here a course of very carefully prepared lectures on 
First or Fundamental Principles, and immediately 
after to publish them to the world, to travel as 
widely as God may open ways for them. These 
will contain in epitome the results of my thoughts 
for the last half centur}\ It is thus I mean to 
employ my remaining life, be it longer or be it 
shorter. 




Twenty Years of Princeton College. 67 

It is not without feeling that I take the step 
which I now take. It recalls that other eventful step 
in my life, when I gave up my living, one of the 
most enviable in the Church of Scotland, when the 
liberties of Christ's people were interfered with. I 
am sorry to be separated from the employments in 
which I have had such enjoyment. I regret that I 
no longer stand in the same relation to all the stu- 
dents of this college. I may feel a momentary pang 
in leaving the fine mansion, which a friend gave to 
the college and to me — it is as when Adam was driven 
out of Eden. I am reminded keenly that my days 
of active work are over. 

But I take the step firmly and decidedly. The 
shadows are lengthening, the day is declining. My 
age, seven years above the three score and ten, com- 
pels it. Providence points to it, conscience enjoins 
it, the good of the college demands it. I take the 
step as one of duty. I feel relieved as I take it. 

I ask forgiveness of God and man for any offence 
I have given in my haste. I leave with no unkind 
feeling toward any. I should be sorry if any one 
entertained a malignant feeling toward me. It has 
been a high honor and an unspeakable privilege, 
that I have been at the head of this noble Institu- 
tion for such a length of time, and that so many 
spheres of usefulness have been thrown open to me. 



68 Twenty Years of Princeton College, 



I leave the college, thanks be to God and man, in 
a healthy state, intellectually, morally, and relig- 
iously. I leave it with the prayer, that the bless- 
ing of Heaven and the good will of men may rest 
upon it, and with the prospect of its having greater 
usefulness in the future than even that which it has 
had in the past. 



% 



MENTAL AND MORAL SCIENCE. 



AN OUTLINE STUDY OF MAN; or, the Body and Mind in One 
System. With illustrative diagrams. Revised edition. By 
MARK HOPKINS, D.O., LL.D., late President of Williams 
College.^ 12mo, $1.75. 

This is a model of the developing method as applied to intellectual 
science. The work is on an entirely new plan. It presents man in 
his unity, and his several faculties and their relations are so presented 
to the eye in illustrative diagrams as to be readily apprehended. 
The work has come into very general use in this country as a man- 
ual for instruction, and the demand for it is increasing every year. 

GENERAL S. C. ARMSTRONG, Prind'pal Of HaTnpton Institute.— " I ajox 
glad of the opportunity to express my higli appreciation of Dr. HopMns' Outline 
Study of Man. It lias done more for me personally tlian any book besides the 
Bible. More than any other it teaches the greatest of lessons, Icnow thyself. For 
over ten years, I have made it a test book In the Senior Class of this school. It 
Is, I think, the greatest and most useful of the books of the greatest of our Am- 
erican educators. Rev. Dr. Hopkins, and is destined to do a great work in forming 
not only the ideas but the character of youth in America and In other parts of the 
world." 

PROF. ADDISON BALLARD, of Lafayette College.— "I have for years used 
Dr. Hopkins' Outline Study of Man, in connection with his Law of Love, as a text 
book for our Senior Classes. I have done this with unfailing success and with 
increasing satisfaction. It is of incalculable advantage to the student to come 
under the Influence, through his books, of this great master of thought and of style. 
I caimot speak of Outline Study In terms of too hearty conunendation." 

THE LAW OF LOVE, AND LOVE AS A LAW; f, Christian 
Ethics. By MARK HOPKINS, D.D., LL.D., late President 
of Williams College. 12mo, $1.75. 

This work is designed to follow the author's OuUine Study of Man. 
As its title indicates it is entirely an exposition of the cardinal precept 
of Christian philosophy in harmony with nature and on the basis of 
reason. Like the treatise on mental philosophy it is adapted with 
unusual skill to educational uses. 

It appears in a new edition, which has been in part re-written in 
order to bring it into closer relation to his Outline Study of Man^ of 
which work it is really a continuation. More prominence has been 
given to the idea of Rights, but the fundamental doctrines of the 
treatise have not been changed. 



CHARLES SGRIBNER'S SONS* 



PSYCHOLOGY. By JAMES McCOSH, D.D., LL.D., President 
of Princeton College. I.— The Cognitive Powers. II.— The 
Motive Powers. 2 vols., 12mo. Sold separately. Each, 
$1.50. 

The first volume contains an analysis of the operations of the senses, 
and of their relation to the intellectual processes, with a discussion 
of sense perception, from the physiological side, accompanied by ap- 
propriate cuts. A third of the book is devoted to the Reproductive 
or Representative Powers, including such subjects as the association 
of ideas, the power of composition, etc. , concluding with a discussion 
of the Comparative Powers. The second volume treats of the Motive 
Powers, as they are called, the Orective, the Appetent, the Impulsive 
Powers ; including the Conscience, Emotions, and WilL 

PROFESSOR WILLIAM DE W. HYDE, of BowOoin College.— " The book is 
written in a clear and simple style ; it breathes a sweet and winnmg spirit ; and 
it is inspired by a noble purpose. In these respects it is a model of what a text 
book should be." 

S. L. CALDWELL, late PresiOent of Vassar College.—"! have read the book 
with much interest. It Is what was to have been expected from the ability and 
long experience of the author. The style is clear and simple ; the matter is well 
distributed ; it well covers the ground usually taught in such text books, and I 
am sure any teacher would find it a helpful guide in his classes." 

ELEMENTS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY. By 

GEORGE T. LADD, D.D., Professor of Mental and Moral 

Philosophy In Yale University. With numerous illustrations. 

8vo, $4.50. 

Professor Ladd's "Physiological Psychology" is the first treatise 

that has attempt-ed to present to English readers a discussion of the 

whole subject brought down to the most recent times. It includes the 

latest discoveries, and by numerous and excellent illustrations and 

tables, bring's before the reader in a compact and yet lucid form the 

entire subject. 

The work has three principal divisions, of which, the first consists 
of a description of the structure and functions of the Nervous System 
considered simply as a mechanism. The second part describes the 
various classes of correlations which exist between the phenomena of 
the nervous mechanism and mental phenomena, with the laws of these 
various classes. The third part presents such conclusions as may be 
legitimately gathered cr inferred concer>ai"a: the nature of the human 
mind. 

PROF. WILLIAM JAMES in TTie- Xation.— Jiis erudition, and his broad- 
rUndedness are oh a par with each other ; and his volume will probably for many 
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THE SChOOL JOURNAL.— "It is impossible in a brief notice to give any 
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STANDARD TEXT BOOKS. 



FINAL CAUSES. By PAUL JANET, Member of the French 
Academy. With a Preface by Robert Flint, D.D., LL.D. 
From second French edition. 8vo, S2,50. 

PROF. FRANCIS L. PATTON, of Princeton Theological Seminary.—"! re- 
gard Janet's ' Final Causes ' as incomparably tbe best tMng in literature on the 
subject of which it treats, and that it ought to be in the hands of every man who 
has any interest in the present phases of the theistic problem. I have recom- 
mended it to my classes In the seminary, and make constant use of it in my in- 
structions." 

NOAH PORTER, D.D., LL.D., late PresiOeat Of Yale CoZZeg-e.- •" I am delighted 
that you have published Janet's ' Final Causes ' in an improved form and at a 
price which brings it within the reach of many who desire to possess it. It is, in 
my opinion, the most suggestive treatise on this important topic which is access- 
ible in our language." 

THE HUMAN INTELLECT. By NOAH PORTER, D.D.. LL.D., 

late President of Yale College. With an Introduction upon 

Psychology and the Human Soul. 8vo, $5.00. 

The author has not only designed tc furnish a text book which shall 

be sufficiently comprehensive and ecientiSc to satisfy the wants of the 

many students of psychology and speculative philosophy who are found 

in our higher institutions of learning, but also to prepare a volume 

which may guide the advanced student to a clear understanding and a 

just estimate of the questions which have perpetually appeared and 

reappeared in the history of philosophy. 

THE BRITISH QUARTERLY REVIEW.— "President Porter's work, the result 
of thirty years' professional labor. Is not only the most important philosophical 
work that has appeared in our language since Sir William Hamilton's, but its 
form as a manual makes it invaluable to students." 

THE PRINCETON REVIEW.— "After a careful examination of this truly great 
work, we are ready to pronounce it the most complete and exhaustive exhibition 
of the cognitive faculties of the human soul to be found in our language, and, so 
far as we know, in any language. The work is a monument of the author's in- 
sight, industry, learning, and judgment ; one of the great productions of our 
time ; an honor to our country, and a fresh proof that genuine philosophy has not 
died out among us." 

ELEMENTS OF INTELLECTUAL SCIENCE. A Manual for 
Schools and Colleges. By NOAH PORTER, D.D., LL.D., 
late President of Yale College. 8vo, S3. 00. 

This is an abridgment of the author's " Human Intellect," contain- 
ing all the matter necessary for use in the class-room, and has been in- 
troduced as a text-book in Yale, Dartmouth, Bowdoin, Oberlin, Bates, 
Hamilton, Vassar, and Smith Colleges ; Wesleyan, Ohio, Lehigh, and 
Wooster Universities, and many other colleges, academies, normal and 
high schools. 

THE NEW YORK WORLD.— "The abridgment Is very well done, the state- 
ments being terse and perspicuous." 

THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE.— " Presents the leading facts of Intellectual 
science from the author's point of view, with clearness and vigor." 



CHAELZ? SCF.LByTRS SOy.S" 



ELEMENTS OF MORAL SCIENCE, TheoreticaJ and Practical. 

By NOAH PORTER, D.D., LL.D., iate President of Yale 

Cc: ege. 8vc. S3. 00. 
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HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY. 



HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY. By Prof. FRIEDRICH UEBER- 
WEG. Translated by Prof. G. S. Morris, of Michigan Uni- 
versity. Edited by Noaii Porter, D.D., LL.D., late President 
of Yale College, and Philip Schaff, D.D. Vol. I.— Ancient 
and Mediaeval; Vol. II.— Modern. 2 vols., 8vo, $5.00. 

In its universal scope, and its full and exhaustive literature of the 
subject, Ueberweg's * ' History of Philosophy " has no equal. The 
characteristic features of the work are the compendious presentation 
of doctrines, the survey of the literature relating to each philosophical 
system, biographical notices, the discussion of controverted historical 
points, and compressed criticisms of doctrines from the standpoint of 
modern science and sound logic. 

THE BRITISH QUARTERLY REVIEW.— "The work 13 concise and Clear, exact 
and suggestive, comprehensive and critical. It contains a complete presentation 
of the different philosophical schools, and describes, with sufficient minuteness, 
the principal doctrines which belong to each system, and to subordinate branches 
of each system ; by which means a distinct picture is placed before the mind of 
the reader. It meets at once the minds of the ordinary student and of the In- 
dependent inquirer." 

THE N. Y. EVANGELIST.—" Taking the whole together, it furnishes the most 
complete and reliable apparatus for the study of philosophy which has ever been 
placed In the hands of American students." 

REALISTIC PHILOSOPHY. Defended in a Philosophic Series. 
By JAMES McCOSH, D.D., LL.D., President of Princeton 
College. VoL 1.— Expository; Vol. 2.— Historical and Critical. 
2 vols., 12mo, $3.00. 

In the first volume the principal philosophic questions of the day 
are discussed, including the Tests of Truth, Causation Development, 
and the Character of our World. In the second volume the same ques- 
tions are treated historically. The systems of the philosophers who 
have discussed them are stated and examined, and the truth and error 
in each of them carefully pointed out. 

THE N. Y. OBSERVER,— "Its style l3 so clear and direct, Its presentation of the 
whole subject Is so natural and forcible, that many persons who habitually ignore 
discussions of abstract topics, would be charmed Into a new Intellectual Interest 
by giving Dr. McCosh's work a careful consideration." 

HARPER'S MAGAZINE.—" These eminently cogent and Instructive volumes 
are designed for exposition and defence of fundamental truths. The distinct but 
correlated subjects arc treated with equal simplicity and power, and cover in 
brief much of the ground occupied by larger publications, together with mucli on 
tadepeudent lines of thought that lie outside their plan." 



CHABLES SGBIBXEB'S S02^ 



MODERN PHILOSOPHY. From Descartes to Schopenhauer and 
Hartmann. By Prof. FRANCIS BOWEN, of Harvard Univer 
sity. 8vo, S3.00. 

The purpose of this book has been to fnmish. within moderate 
compass, a comprehensive and intelligible account of the metaphysical 
Bystems of the ^eat men who have been the leaders of European 
ti^ofoght on philosophical subjects for nearly three centuries. Special 
treatases. such as Kant's "Critique"' and Hartmann's " Philosophy 
of the Unconscious," are made the subjects of elaborate commentary, 
and exponnded ia all their leading features, with great care and 
minateness. 

THE N. Y. EVENING POST.— "EsceUent in every respect; (dear, acbolarly. 
vigorotis, often vivacious, full of sound learning, acute critiaaD, genial appreci- 
adosi. and tlie best spirit of pMloaopliy.*' 

DESCARTES AND HIS SCHOOL. By KUNO FISCHER. Trans- 
lated from the Third and Revised German Edition, by J. P. 
Gordy, Ph.D., Professor of Pedagogics in Ohio University. 
Edited by Noah Porter, D.D., LL.D. 8vo, S3. 50. 
Knno FSscher has tibe raze art of oomMniiig French Inddity of 

ezpomfaan witii Ckxman thoiDaghness and profumdity . 

His Tolnine on Descartes is divided into four parts : a general in- 

tarodaction ; the biography of Descartes ; an exposition and criticism of 

his system ; and an account of its development and modificaidon by 

tihe occaaJanalistiBL 

PROF. GEORGE T. LADD.— '^As done into good and clear En^&h by Dr. 
Gordj, it bas a combinatioa of exceHen: qualities that can be found in no otber 
Btmilar woxk. It is at tha same time exbaostive and not tedious, popular in ttie 
best sense of Hie -wwd. and y^ aocarate and seiiolaify— a thoroii^Lly readaU^ 
truatwurtli y. and improving bistoay oS mod^n specolattve tbougbt.'' 

GERMAN PSYCHOLOGY OF TO-DAY. The Empirical School, 
by Th. RIBOT, Director of the Revue Philosophique. Trans- 
lated from the Second French Edition, by Jas. M. Baldwin, 
B.A., Fellow Princeton College. With a Preface by James 
McCosh, DD., LL.D. Crown 8vo, S2.00. 
The object of this book is to give an account of the valuable re- 
Bearches made in the field of psycho-physical inquiry by German in- 
vestigators, beginning with Herbart and his schooL and continuing 
vrith the researches of Lotze, Miiller, Weber, HeLmholtz, Wundt, 
Fechner, and minor scientists. 

THE N. Y. SUN.— "A wort: litelv to be made a text booS in American Tnl- 
this version offers for tbe first time to Engiish readers a conspecras oi 
ty German specalati<»i on the relations of tbe mind to tbe brain. In 
tids volume -win be found dfacaaaed irltli admirable daaeiflcatKn mb diacoveriea, 
Bieoilea. and tendencies <tf Badi men as Hecbart. Lotaei Kedmer. eto." 



CHRISTIAN EVIDENCES AND 
HOMILETICS. 



THE GROUNDS OF THEISTIC AND CHRISTIAN BELIEF. By 
Prof. GEORGE P. FISHER, D.D., LL.D., Professor of 
Ecclesiastical History in Yale College. Crown 8vo, $2.50. 

FROM THE PREFACE.—" This volume embraces a discussion of the evidence^. 
Of both natural and revealed religion. Prominence is given to topics having 
special interest at present from their connection with modern theories and diffl- 
cnltiea. The argument of design, and the bearing of evolutionary doctrines 
on its validity, are fully considered. I have sought to direct the reader into lines 
of reflecti(Mi which may serve to impress him with the truth contained in the 
remark that the strongest proof of Christianity is afforded by Christianity itself, 
and by Christendom as an existing fact. I venture to indulge the hope that they 
may derive from it some aid in clearing up perplexities, and some new light upon 
the nature of the Christian faith and its relation to the Scriptures." 

JULIUS H. SEELYE, PresiOent of Amherst College.— "lt.ua it as I should ex- 
pect it to be, wise and candid, and convincing to an honest mind. I congratulate 
you upon its publication, in which you seem to me to have rendered a high 
pubUc service." 

^ PROF. JAMES O. MURRAY, Of PHncetxm College.—" The volume meets here 
a great want, and meets it well. It Is eminently fitted to meet the honest doubts 
of some of our best young men. Its fairness and candor, its learning and ability 
In argument. Its thorough handling of modern objections— all these qualities fit it 
for such a service, and a great service it is." 

ESSAYS ON THE SUPERNATURAL ORIGIN OF CHRISTIAN- 
ITY. By Prof. GEORGE P. FISHER, D.D., LL.D., Professor 
of Ecclesiastical History in Yale College. 8vo, new and 
enlarged edition, $2.50. 

THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW.— "Able and scholarly essays on the Super- 
natural Origin of Christianity, in which Prof. Fisher discusses such subjects as 
the genuineness of the Gospel of John, Baur's view of early Christian History and 
Literature, and the mythical theory of Strauss." 

THE NEW YORK TRIBUNE.— "His volume evinces rare versatility of intellect, 
with a scholarship no less sound and judicious in its tone and extensive In its 
attainments than it is modest in its pretensions." 

THE BRITISH QUARTERLY REVIEW.— "We know not Where the Student wiU 
find a more satisfactory guide In relation to the great questions which have grown 
up between the friends of the Christian revelation and the most able of its assail' 
nuts, within the memory of the present generation." 



4 



CHARLES SGRIBNER'S SONS* 



THE PHILOSOPHIC BASIS OF THEISM. An Examination of the 
Personality of Man, to Ascertain his Capacity to Know and 
Serve God, and the Validity of the Principle Underlying the 
Defense of Theism. By SAMUEL HARRIS, D.D., LL.D., Pro- 
fessor of Systematic Theology in Yale College. 8vo, S3.50. 

Dr. Harris embodies in his work tlie results of his long meditation 
on the highest themes, and his long discussion and presentation of 
these truths in the class-room. His fundamental positions are thor- 
oughly in harmony with soundest modem thought and most trust- 
worthy modem knowledge. 

THE INDEPENDENT.— "It is rare that a work, wliicli is of necessity, so 
severely metaphysical in both topics and treatment, is so enlivened by the 
varied contributions cf a widely cultivated mind from a hberal course of 
reading. His passionate and candid argument cannot fail to command the 
respect of any antagonist of the Atheistic or Agnostic schools, who will take 
the pains to read his criticisms or to review his argument. In respect to coolness 
and dignity and self-possession, his work is an excellent model for scientists, 
metaphysicians, and theologians of every complexion." 

THE HARTFORD COURA NT.— "Professor Harris' horizon-Unes are uncon- 
tracted. His survey of the entire realm he traverses is accurate, patient, and 
considerate. No objections are evaded. No conclusions are reached by saltatory 
movements. The utmost fairness and candor characterize his discussions. No 
more thoroughly scientific work in plan or method or spirit has been done in our 
time. On almost every page one meets with evidences of a wide and reflec- 
tive reading, not only of philosophy, but of poetry and fiction as well, which 
enriches and Illumines the whole course of thought." 

THE SELF-REVELATION OF GOD. By SAMUEL HARRIS, 
D.Di, LL.D., Professor of Systematic Theology in Yale Col- 
lege. 8vo, $3.50. 

In this volume Dr. Harris presents a statement of the evidence of 
•yie existence of God, and of the reality of His revelation of Himself 
in the experience or consciousness of men, and the verification of the 
same by His further revelation of Himself in the constitution and 
ongoing of the universe, and in Christ. 

PROF. WM. G. T. SHEDD, D.D., in The Preslyyterian iJewieio.- " Such a 
work is not brought out in a day, but is the growth of years of professional study 
and reflection. Few books on apologetics have been recently produced that will 
be more influential and formative upon the mind of the theological or philosophi- 
cal student, or more useful. It is calculated to Influence opinions, and to influence 
them truthfully, seriously, and strongly." 

BISHOP HURST, in TTue Northwestern CTirisMan ^cZuocote.—" We do not know 
a better work among recent publications tban this one for building up old hopes 
and giving a new strength to one's faith. The book Is thoroughly evangelic, 
fresh, and well wrought out. It is a valuable contribution to our American 
tiieology." 



TWENTY YEARS 



OF 



Princeton College 



FAREWELL ADDRESS 

DELIVERED JUNE 2oth, 1888 



JAMES McCOSH, D.D., LLD., Litt.D. 

President of Princeton College 



NEW YORK 

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 

1888 



THE COMPLETION OF DR, McCOSH'S PSYCHOLOGY. 



PSYCHOLOGY. 

I. The Cognitive Powers. II. The Motive Powers, 



By JAMES McCOSH, D.D., LLD, Litt D. 

President of Princeton College; Author of ''Intuitions of the Mind," *'Laws 
of Discursive Thought,-' ''Emotions,'" "Philosophic Series,'' etc. 

Two Vols., 12nio; each, $1.60. 

The second volume, now ready, concludes this work with the 
discussion of the motive powers of the mind, including the Con- 
science, Emotions, and Will. The author has treated the difficult, 
and, at times, obscure topics which belong to the department of 
psychology with characteristic clearness, conciseness, and strong 
individuality. In the first volmne he treats of sense. perception, 
illustrating his theme with appropriate cuts, and discussing it 
with fullness from the physiological side. A third of the book is 
devoted to the reproductive or representative powers, in which 
such subjects as the recalling power, the association of ideas, the 
power of composition, etc., are described; while the book con- 
cludes with a full discussion of the comparative powers. 

EXTBACT FROM THE INTfiODUCTION OF VOLIJME H. 

"Having treated of the CJognitive Powers in Vol. I., I am in this to 
unfold the characteristics of the Motive Powers, as they are called the 
Orective, the Appetent, the Impulsive Powers ; the feelings, the senti- 
ments, the affections, the heart, as distinguished from the Gnostic, the 
cognitive, the intellect, the understanding, the reason, the head. 

" These Motive Powers fall under three heads — the Emotions, the Con- 
science, the Will. 

'' It is not to be understood that these are unconnected with each other, 
or with the cognitive; emotions contain an idea which is cognitive. The 
CJonscience may be regarded as combining characteristics of each of the 
two grand classes, being cognitive as discerning good and evil, and motive 
as leading to action; the Will has to use the other powers as going on to 
action. 

** Emotion occupies more room than the other two in this treatise inas- 
much as its operations are more varied, and as the account usually given 
of it (so it appears to me) is more defective." 



Realistic Philosophy, ; 

DEFENDED IN A PHILOSOPHIC SERIES 
By JAMES McCOSH, D.D., LLD., 

President of Princeton College. 



Two Vols., 12mo; each $1.50. 



In these two volumes Dr. McCosh lias collected liis discussions 
of the principal philosophic questions of the day, formerly issued 
in his Philosophic Series, which, The Independent says, *'is .not 
unlikely to prove in the end the most useful popular service 
which Dr. McCosh has rendered to the cause of right thinking 
and to sound philosophy of life." 

VOL. I.— EXPOSITORY. 

In this part of the Series the principal philosophic questions of the day- 
are discussed, including the Tests of Truth, Causation, Development, and 
the Character of our World. 

General Introduction.— TF/ia^ an American Philosophy should he. 

I. Criteria of Diverse Kinds of Truth. 

II. Energy, Efficient and Final Cause. An attempt is here made 
to clear up the subject of Causation which has become considerably con- 
fused. 

III. Development, What it can do and What it cannot do. 
Development is here presented so as to show that it is not opposed to 
religion, and that the conclusions drawn from it by some of its defenders 
are not legitimate. 

IV. Certitude, Providence, and Prayer, with an inquiry as to what 
is the character of our world, showing that it is neither optimist nor pessi- 
mist, but going on toward perfection. 

VOL. II.-r-HISTORICAL. 

In. this part the same questions are treated historically. The systems of 
the philosophers who have discussed them are stated and examined, and 
the truth and error in each of them carefully pointed out. 
General Introduction. — Realism; its place in the various Philosophies. 

I. Locke's Theory of Knowledge, with a notice* of Berkeley. It is 
shown that Locke held by a body of truth, and that he has often been 
misunderstood ; but that he has not by his experience theory laid a sure 
foundation of knowledge. 

II. Agnosticism of Hume and Huxley, with a notice of the Scottish 
School. It is necessary to examine Hume's Scepticism, but it is best to 
do so in the defense of it by Huxley. 

III. A Criticism of the Critical Philosophy showing that Kant 
has stated and defended most important truths, but has undermined 
knowledge, by making the mind begin with appearances and not with 
things. 

IV. Herbert Spencer's Philosophy as culminating in his Ethics. 
Here there will be a careful examination of his physiological utilitarianism. 



BEGINNING OF VOLUME FOUR. 

ScRiBNER's •:• Magazine 



FOR JULY CONTAINS THE SECOND OF 

THE GREAT RAILWAY ARTICLES, 

ENTITLED 

FEATS OF RAILWAY ENGINEERING, 

By JOHN BOGART, State Engineer of NeAv York. 



I 



The next article in the Railway series will be *' American Locomotives and Cars," 
by M. N. Forney, to appear in the August number, to be followed by one on " Passenger 
Travel," by General Horace Porter, in the September number. New York Times : " The 
Railway series, which is begun in the June number of Scribnrr's, promises to attract new 
attention to this admirable p>eriodical. There is not in American industrial life a topic 
which could possess a wider interest or which affects more directly the every-day experi- 
ence and observation of men and women." 

OTHER CONTENTS IN THE JULY NUMBER ARE: 

LIFE AND TRAVEL IN MODERN GREECE- By Thomas D. Sev- 

MOL'R. Illustrated from original drawings by F. D. Millet, and from photographs. 
A LONDON LIFE. In four parts. Part second. By Henry James. 
AN ASTRONOMER'S SUMMER TRIP. By Prof. Charles A. Young. 

With illustrations from photc^^phs made by the American Eclipse Exftedition 

of 1887. 
POPULAR AUTHORS. By Robert Louis Steve.nson. 
GETTYSBURG — A Battle Ode. By George Parsons Lathrop. Passages 

from the poem to be read before the Society of the Army of the Potomac, at 

Gettysburg, on the twenty -fifth anniversary of the battle, July 3, 188S. \Vith a 

head-piece from a battle-sketch, by W. H. Shelton. 
FIRST HARVESTS. Chapters XXL-XXIII. By F. J. Stimson. (To be 

continued. ) 
MID-SUMMER. (Poem.) By Allan Simson Botsford. 
DEATH AND JUSTICE. (Poem.) By Graham R. Tomson. 
MAESTRO AMBROGIO. (Short story.) By T. R. Sullh AN. 
SOLITUDE. (Poem.) By Arlo Bates. 



25 CENTS A NUMBER, $3.00 A YEAR, 



CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, 743 B way, N.Y. 
^^ 2.8 2 



Pressor 1- I Linlc A- Co., Astor Place. New York. 



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